Dietary and other lifestyle factors and their influence on non-communicable diseases in the Western Pacific region.

The Western Pacific region is a diverse region experiencing fast economic growth and nutrition transition. We systematically examined 94 cohort studies on the associations of dietary and other lifestyle factors on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the region. These studies were mainly from China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. Patterns and changes in lifestyle risk factors for NCDs based on national surveys were examined. They showed some dietary intake improvements over the past three decades, featured as increased consumption of unsaturated oils, fruits, and vegetables, and decreased consumption of sodium and unhealthy fat. Despite a decrease in smoking rate and salt intake, the values remained higher than the global levels in 2019. The ultra-processed food intake in the region increased at a higher rate than the global estimate. National guidelines relevant to NCDs in five selected countries were highlighted. Strong future actions and policies are needed to tackle NCDs.

Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Chinese Processed Meat Products: Comparison of Two Nutrient Profile Models.

Processed meat products are one of the most consumed pre-packaged foods in China. They are also group-1 carcinogens, whose consumption has proved to be positively associated with the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The purpose of this study is to analyze the nutrient content on the food label of processed meat products based on the China Standardized Database for the Composition of Pre-packaged Food and the National Open Database of the UK and France. The Chilean front-of-pack warning label (FOPWL) and the Chinese Healthier Choice Logo were used to compare the nutrient content of processed meat products from the three countries. It was found that cured meat products have the highest median energy (483 kcal/100 g), total fat content (38.7 g/100 g), and sodium content (2076 mg/100 g) and dried meat products have the highest median protein content (30.2 g/100 g) and carbohydrate content (38.2 g/100 g). In addition, there were significant differences in energy content and contents of total fat, protein, and carbohydrate across different products of the three countries (p < 0.001). A large number of processed meat products currently collected did not meet the criteria of the Chilean FOPWL and the Chinese Healthier Choice Logo. This study provided information on the healthiness of Chinese processed meat products and provided data for improving food formulations for different categories of processed meat products.

Hypoglycemic effect of recrystallized resistant starch on high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice via gut microbiota modulation.

The hypoglycemic effects of two recrystallized resistant starches, A-type (ARS) and B-type (BRS), were investigated in type 2 diabetic mice. Mice were treated with low-, medium-, or high-dose ARS, high-dose BRS, or high-dose ARS combined with BRS (ABRS). After 10 weeks of continuous intervention, the medium-dose ARS group showed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, area under the curve of glucose, triglyceride (P < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05) levels compared to the model group and an increase in high-density lipoprotein levels (P < 0.01). The peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in the high-dose ARS, BRS, and ABRS groups and the butyric acid yield in the medium-dose ARS and BRS groups were significantly increased (P < 0.01) compared to those in the model group. Medium- and high-dose ARS intervention efficiently increased the relative abundance of beneficial Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Faecalibaculum, and lowered the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Overall, ARS exhibited greater advantages than BRS in lowering blood sugar levels.

Functional requirement of alternative splicing in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic circulating tumor.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can provide valuable information regarding metastasis and potential therapies. However, current studies on the EMT overlook alternative splicing. Here, we used single-cell full-length transcriptome data and mRNA sequencing of CTCs to identify stage-specific alternative splicing of partial EMT and mesenchymal states during pancreatic cancer metastasis. We classified definitive tumor and normal epithelial cells via genetic aberrations and demonstrated dynamic changes in the epithelial-mesenchymal continuum in both epithelial cancer cells and CTCs. We provide the landscape of alternative splicing in CTCs at different stages of EMT, uncovering cell-type-specific splicing patterns and splicing events in cell surface proteins suitable for therapies. We show that MBNL1 governs cell fate through alternative splicing independently of changes in gene expression and affects the splicing pattern during EMT. We found a high frequency of events that contained multiple premature termination codons and were enriched with C and G nucleotides in close proximity, which influence the likelihood of stop codon readthrough and expand the range of potential therapeutic targets. Our study provides insights into the EMT transcriptome's dynamic changes and identifies potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer.

Photo-controllable drug releasing bulk polyacrylic intraocular lens material for safer posterior capsular opacification prevention.

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common complication that occurs after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in cataract therapy. In recent years, IOLs have been developed as drug delivery platforms, but concerns over the safety of uncontrolled proliferative drug release have arisen. Therefore, a controlled drug release strategy is needed for safer PCO prevention. In this study, a new monomer contained coumarin group was introduced in material preparation, and poly(ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate-co-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl acrylate-co-7-(2-methacryloyloxyethoxy)-4-methylcoumarin) (PEEC) acrylic IOL materials were synthesized. The antiproliferative drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) could be chemically grafted to the PEEC IOL materials easily via a light induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with the coumarin group, getting drug-loaded IOL (PEEC@5-FU IOL). The PEEC@5-FU IOL exhibited excellent optical and mechanical properties and biocompatibility. More importantly, the loaded 5-FU could be easily controlled from release by light irradiation via photo-dissociation of the cyclobutane ring that was obtained by the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5-FU and coumarin. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that such photo-controllable drug release IOL could effectively prevent PCO after implantation in a safe way.

An integrated approach for studying the metabolic profiling of herbal medicine in mice using high-resolution mass spectrometry and metabolomics data processing tools.

Analysis of exposure to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in vivo based on mass spectrometry is helpful for the screening of effective ingredients of TCM and the development of new drugs. The method of screening biomarkers through metabolomics technology is a nontargeted research method to explore the differential components between two sets of biological samples. By taking this advantage, this study aims to takes Forsythia suspensa, which is a TCM also known as Lian Qiao (LQ), as the research object and to study its in vivo exposure by using metabolomics technology. By comparing the significant differences between biological samples before and after administration, it could be focused on the components that were significantly upregulated, where a complete set of analysis strategies for nontargeted TCM in vivo exposure mass spectrometry was established. Furthermore, the threshold parameters for peak extraction, parameter selection during statistical data analysis, and sample concentration multiples in this method have also been optimized. More interestingly, by using the established analysis strategy, we found 393 LQ-related chemical components in mice after administration, including 102 prototypes and 291 LQ-related metabolites, and plotted their metabolic profiles in vivo. In short, this study has obtained a complete mass spectrum of LQ exposure in mice in vivo for the first time, which provides a reference for research on the active ingredients of LQ in vivo. More importantly, compared with other methods, the analysis strategy of nontargeted exposure of TCM in vivo-based mass spectrometry, constructed by using this research method, has good universality and does not require self-developed postprocessing software. It is worth mentioning that, for the identification and characterization of trace amounts of metabolites in vivo, this analysis strategy has no discrimination and has a detection capability similar to that of highly exposed components.

Sodium Content in Pre-Packaged Foods in China: A Food Label Analysis.

Sodium intake from pre-packaged foods is increasing in China and is well above the WHO recommendation of 5 g per day. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sodium content of pre-packaged foods collected by the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NINH, China CDC) in 20 provinces of China from 2017 to 2022. The proportion of pre-packaged foods that meet or exceed the low-sodium, medium-sodium, and high-sodium classifications were analyzed. The proportion of pre-packaged foods that meet and do not meet the WHO global sodium benchmarks and the difference in sodium content between these foods was also calculated. High-sodium foods include sauces, dips, and dressings (3896 mg/100 g), convenience foods (1578 mg/100 g), processed fish products (1470 mg/100 g), processed meat products (1323 mg/100 g), processed poultry products (1240 mg/100 g), snack foods (750 mg/100 g), processed egg products (741 mg/100 g), and fine dried noodles (602 mg/100 g). A large number of pre-packaged foods currently collected in China have a sodium content above sodium benchmarks. This study provided data to support the assessment of sodium intake from pre-packaged foods in the Chinese population and the implementation of comprehensive salt reduction strategies.

Evaluating the Energy and Core Nutrients of Condiments in China.

Condiments are a significant source of sodium in the diets of Chinese residents. This study aimed to analyze the nutrient content of China's major condiments and to provide support for setting the reference intake for condiments in order to take measures on salt reduction in China. Nutrition data for condiments were collected from the Database on Nutrition Labelling of Prepackaged Foods China in 2017-2022, and by online access to food composition databases from France, the UK, Belgium, and Japan. The analyses include 1510 condiments in China and 1565 related condiments in four countries, of which the descriptive indicators were examined such as median, IQR, and range. Cross-comparisons were made in terms of the difference between the content levels in five countries and the "WHO global sodium benchmarks". The results show that among the 15 types of condiments in China, sesame/peanut butter-based products have a relatively high content of energy, fat, and protein, namely, 2580 kJ/100 g, 50 g/100 g, and 22.2 g/100 g, respectively. In addition to salt, chicken extract/chicken powder, bouillon cubes, and soy sauce are also high in sodium. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the contents of energy and core nutrients across different products when benchmarking with similar condiments in the five countries (p < 0.001). The sodium content and fat content of some condiments are excessively high. Therefore, enhancing residents' consumption awareness and reducing the amount of condiments is of great significance for reducing China's per capita salt intake and promoting good health.

DeepCCI: a deep learning framework for identifying cell-cell interactions from single-cell RNA sequencing data.

MOTIVATION: Cell-cell interactions (CCIs) play critical roles in many biological processes such as cellular differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and immune response. With the rapid development of high throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies, it is of high importance to identify CCIs from the ever-increasing scRNA-seq data. However, limited by the algorithmic constraints, current computational methods based on statistical strategies ignore some key latent information contained in scRNA-seq data with high sparsity and heterogeneity. RESULTS: Here, we developed a deep learning framework named DeepCCI to identify meaningful CCIs from scRNA-seq data. Applications of DeepCCI to a wide range of publicly available datasets from diverse technologies and platforms demonstrate its ability to predict significant CCIs accurately and effectively. Powered by the flexible and easy-to-use software, DeepCCI can provide the one-stop solution to discover meaningful intercellular interactions and build CCI networks from scRNA-seq data. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code of DeepCCI is available online at https://github.com/JiangBioLab/DeepCCI.

National Initiatives on Salt Substitutes: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Salt substitutes are edible salts that contain less sodium chloride owing to its partial substitution with other minerals, which serve as an important and effective intervention and public health strategy targeting hypertension and its secondary diseases, despite a small degree of controversy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the current salt substitute initiatives in various nations and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) worldwide and summarize their types and characteristics. METHODS: A scoping review was performed based on Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the latest guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Searches were conducted on Google; government websites on food, health, and other related topics; PubMed; Web of Science; and Google Scholar from January 2022 to May 2022. Initiatives related to salt substitutes that were included in the study focused on the involvement of governments or IGOs through the publication of standards, actions, collaborations, funding, and so on. Data were extracted into Microsoft Excel (version 2019; Microsoft Corp) based on predefined items and analyzed using narrative synthesis and frequency count methods. RESULTS: A total of 35 initiatives from 11 countries (of which 9 are high-income countries) and 3 IGOs were identified. We classified all salt substitute initiatives into 5 types, namely benefit-risk assessments and cautions; plans and actions; regulations and standards; labels; and food reformulation, cooperation with the food industry, and media. More than half (18/35, 51%) of the salt substitute initiatives were launched within the past 5 years. Except for regulations and standards, salt substitute initiatives are, in general, part of the salt reduction framework. No nation or IGO has yet reported on the monitoring and implications of the use of salt substitutes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limited number of salt substitute initiatives worldwide at present, a review on the different types and characteristics of such initiatives could be helpful in providing a reference for policy makers and stakeholders. Given the great potential of salt substitutes in improving hypertension and stroke, we call on more nations to pay attention to these substitutes and propose salt substitute initiatives in line with their national conditions.

Identification of shared characteristics in tumor-infiltrating T cells across 15 cancers.

Tumor-infiltrating T cells are essential players in tumor immunotherapy. Great progress has been achieved in the investigation of T cell heterogeneity. However, little is well known about the shared characteristics of tumor-infiltrating T cells across cancers. In this study, we conduct a pan-cancer analysis of 349,799 T cells across 15 cancers. The results show that the same T cell types had similar expression patterns regulated by specific transcription factor (TF) regulons across cancers. Multiple T cell type transition paths were consistent in cancers. We found that TF regulons associated with CD8+ T cells transitioned to terminally differentiated effector memory (Temra) or exhausted (Tex) states were associated with patient clinical classification. We also observed universal activated cell-cell interaction pathways of tumor-infiltrating T cells in all cancers, some of which specifically mediated crosstalk in certain cell types. Moreover, consistent characteristics of TCRs in the aspect of variable and joining region genes were found across cancers. Overall, our study reveals common features of tumor-infiltrating T cells in different cancers and suggests future avenues for rational, targeted immunotherapies.

Effects of three medical nutrition therapies on nutritional metabolism and intestinal flora in overweight/obese with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Observational studies have shown that energy restriction could be beneficial for controlling bodyweight in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We aim to compare the effects of a high-protein diet (HPD), a high-protein and high-dietary fiber diet (HPHFD), and a calorie-restricted diet (CRD) on metabolic health and gut microbiota in overweight/obese PCOS patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We will enroll a total of 90 overweight/obese PCOS patients into this eight-week open-label randomised controlled trial. Participants will be randomly assigned to three groups: CRD group (energy coefficient 20 kcal/kg.day, water ≥1500 mL, 0.8-1.2 g/kg protein, carbohydrate energize 55-60%, and fat energize 25-30%), HDP group (energy coefficient 20 kcal/kg.day, water ≥1500 mL, and 1.5-2.0 g/kg protein) and HPHFD group (based on the high protein diet with 15 g more dietary fiber supplement). The primary outcome is body weight, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. The secondary outcomes will include changes in blood lipids, inflammation, glucose tolerance, blood pressure, and gut microbiota compositions. Between-group differences in adiposity measurements at baseline will be compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test when appropriate. Within-group difference after 8-week intervention will be compared using paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test. Between-group differences in adiposity measurements after 8-week diet intervention will be compared using linear mixed model and ANCOVA. The gut microbiota will be analyzed using 16S amplicon sequencing and the sequencing data will be analyzed using the standardized QIIME2 piperline.

Ameliorating Effects of Vitamin K2 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory illness of the gastrointestinal system. The purpose of this study was to explore the alleviating effect of vitamin K2 (VK2) on UC, as well as its mechanism. C57BL/6J mice were given 3% DSS for seven days to establish UC, and they then received VK2 (15, 30, or 60 mg/kg·bw) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg/kg·bw) for two weeks. We recorded the clinical signs, body weights, colon lengths, and histological changes during the experiment. We detected the inflammatory factor expressions using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, and we detected the tight junction proteins using Western blotting. We analyzed the intestinal microbiota alterations and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) using 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. According to the results, VK2 restored the colon lengths, improved the colonic histopathology, reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6), and boosted the level of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in the colon tissues of the colitis mice. Moreover, VK2 promoted the expression of mucin and tight junction proteins (such as occludin and zonula occludens-1) in order to preserve the intestinal mucosal barrier function and prevent UC in mice. Additionally, after the VK2 intervention, the SCFAs and SCFA-producing genera, such as Eubacterium_ruminantium_group and Faecalibaculum, were elevated in the colon. In conclusion, VK2 alleviated the DSS-induced colitis in the mice, perhaps by boosting the dominant intestinal microflora, such as Faecalibaculum, by reducing intestinal microflora dysbiosis, and by modulating the expression of SCFAs, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier proteins.

Effect of Surface Treatment on Performance and Internal Stacking Mode of Electrohydrodynamic Printed Graphene and Its Microsupercapacitor.

Microelectronic devices are developing rapidly in portability, wearability, and implantability. This puts forward an urgent requirement for the delicate deposition process of materials. Electrohydrodynamic printing has attracted academic and industrial attention in preparing ultrahigh-density microelectronic devices as a new noncontact, direct graphic, and low-loss thin film deposition process. In this work, a printed graphene with narrow line width is realized by combining the electrohydrodynamic printing and surface treatment. The line width of printed graphene on the hydrophobic treatment surface reduced from 80 to 28 µm. The resistivity decreased from 0.949 to 0.263 Ω·mm. Unexpectedly, hydrophobic treatment can effectively induce random stacking of electrohydrodynamic printed graphene, which avoids parallel stacking and agglomeration of graphene sheets. The performance of printed graphene is thus effectively improved. After optimization, a graphene planar supercapacitor with a printed line width of 28 µm is successfully obtained. Its capacitance can reach 5.39 mF/cm2 at 50 mV/s, which is twice higher than that of the untreated devices. The device maintains 84.7% capacitance after 5000 cycles. This work provides a reference for preparing microelectronic devices by ultrahigh precision printing and a new direction for optimizing two-dimensional material properties through stacking adjustment.

Effects of Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding on infants' growth, stool characteristics, stool fatty acid soap contents and bone mineral content: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding on infants' growth, stool characteristics, stool fatty acid (FA) soap contents and bone mineral content (BMC). We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials published up to April 2022. Sixteen studies involving 1,931 infants were included. From each included study, weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each of the above mentioned outcomes were extracted and pooled with a fixed-effects model (I2 ≤ 50%) or a random-effects model (I2 > 50%). Infants fed Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula exhibited greater weight gains (WMD: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.23, 1.39 g/d; I2 = 0.00%), lower contents of total stool FA soaps (WMD: -3.47; 95% CI: -5.08, -1.86 mg/100 mg; I2 = 0.00%) and higher BMC (WMD: 7.08; 95% CI: 4.05, 10.10; I2 = 0.00%) than infants fed standard formula. However, no difference was observed in these outcomes between infants fed Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula and those fed human milk. This meta-analysis demonstrated that compared with standard formula feeding, Sn-2-palmitate-enriched formula feeding could effectively promote weight gains, bone mineral accumulation and stool FA soap reduction in infants.

From Traditional to Novel Printed Electrochromic Devices: Material, Structure and Device.

Electrochromic materials have been considered as a new way to achieve energy savings in the building sector due to their potential applications in smart windows, cars, aircrafts, etc. However, the high cost of manufacturing ECDs using the conventional manufacturing methods has limited its commercialization. It is the advantages of low cost as well as resource saving, green environment protection, flexibility and large area production that make printing electronic technology fit for manufacturing electrochromic devices. This paper reviews the progress of research on printed electrochromic devices (ECDs), detailing the preparation of ECDs by screen printing, inkjet printing and 3D printing, using the scientific properties of discrete definition printing method. Up to now, screen printing holds the largest share in the electrochromic industry due to its low cost and large ink output nature, which makes it suitable especially for printing on large surfaces. Though inkjet printing has the advantages of high precision and the highest coloration efficiency (CE) can be up to 542 ± 10 cm2C-1, it has developed smoothly, and has not shown rigid needs. Inkjet printing is suitable for the personalized printing production of high precision and small batch electronic devices. Since 3D printing is a new manufacturing technology in the 21st century, with the characteristics of integrated molding and being highly controllable, which make it suitable for customized printing of complex devices, such as all kinds of sensors, it has gained increasing attention in the past decade. Finally, the possibility of combining screen printing with inkjet printing to produce high performance ECDs is discussed.

Vitamin E concentration in breast milk in different periods of lactation: Meta-analysis.

Objective: This study systematized information about vitamin E concentration in healthy breast milk during different stages of lactation in order to support the strategies of protecting postpartum women and infants. Methods: Studies published before April 30th, 2021, which detected vitamin E concentration in breast milk of healthy women by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UHPLC), were evaluated. The databases of CNKI (Chinese), WanFang Data (Chinese), VIP (Chinese), PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase were searched. The random effect models were used to conduct meta-analysis by the statistical software package Stata 14.0. Results: In all 4,791 searched publications, 53 with full text were selected, which included 46 descriptive studies, 1 case-control study, 1 non-randomized controlled trial, and 5 randomized controlled trials. The pooled mean of vitamin E concentration was 10.57 mg α-TE/L (95%CI 8.94-12.20) in colostrum, 4.03 mg α-TE/L (95%CI 3.29-4.77) in transitional milk and 3.29 mg α-TE/L (95%CI 2.95-3.64) in mature milk. Subgroup analysis showed that vitamin E concentration of colostrum in Asian countries was lower than that in Western countries in colostrum and transitional milk. Conclusions: Vitamin E concentration in breast milk decreased during lactation until the mature milk was produced. The vitamin E concentration of colostrum in Asian countries was evidently lower than that in Western countries. The vitamin E concentration in mature milk is similar in different regions. The concentration of vitamin E in breast milk started to be stable from about 2 to 3 weeks postpartum until 4 or 6 months postpartum, but it needs additional evidence to support.

[Association between the awareness of Nutrition Facts Panel and prepackaged food purchase behavior among residents].

Objective: To explore the association between the cognition of Nutrition Facts Panel and prepackaged food purchase behavior among residents in six provinces in China. Methods: Using a multi-stage sampling method, 3 002 adults aged 18-70 were selected from the western region (Sichuan), eastern region (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Beijing), central region (Henan), and northeastern region (Heilongjiang) of China from July 2020 to March 2021. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants and their cognition of Nutrition Facts Panel and prepackaged food purchase behavior were collected through questionnaire. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between cognition of Nutrition Facts Panel and prepackaged food purchase behavior. Results: The age of 3 002 subjects was (42.3±13.4) years, among which 63.8% (1 914) were female, 66.7% knew the Nutrition Facts Panel, 49.8% would read it when purchasing, 30.7% could understand it, and 56.6% (1 699) bought prepackaged food more than once a week. The results of multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, compared with the participants knowing but not reading the Nutrition Facts Panel, the group knowing and reading was more likely to buy 11 types of prepackaged food at least once a week (all P<0.05). Compared with the participants reading but not understanding the Nutrition Facts Panel, the group reading and understanding was less likely to buy 11 types of prepackaged food at least once a week (all P<0.05). Conclusion: There was a correlation between cognition of Nutrition Facts Panel and prepackaged food purchase behavior among residents.

Personalized nutrition: A review of genotype-based nutritional supplementation.

Nutritional disorders have become a major public health issue, requiring increased targeted approaches. Personalized nutrition adapted to individual needs has garnered dramatic attention as an effective way to improve nutritional balance and maintain health. With the rapidly evolving fields of genomics and nutrigenetics, accumulation of genetic variants has been indicated to alter the effects of nutritional supplementation, suggesting its indispensable role in the genotype-based personalized nutrition. Additionally, the metabolism of nutrients, such as lipids, especially omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, glucose, vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin D, iron, and calcium could be effectively improved with related genetic variants. This review focuses on existing literatures linking critical genetic variants to the nutrient and the ways in which these variants influence the outcomes of certain nutritional supplementations. Although further studies are required in this direction, such evidence provides valuable insights for the guidance of appropriate interventions using genetic information, thus paving the way for the smooth transition of conventional generic approach to genotype-based personalized nutrition.

Profiles of total and sn-2 fatty acid of human mature milk and their correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in China.

Fatty acid (FA) in breast milk is beneficial to the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. However, the structure profiles of breast milk FAs and the influencing factors which are crucial for normal function have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the profiles of total and sn-2 FAs in human mature milk based on two representative urban areas in China and explore potential sociodemographic determinants. Mothers (n = 70) at 40-100 d postpartum from Beijing and Danyang were recruited according to unified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total and sn-2 FA compositions were examined by gas chromatography and quantified. Using the Spearman correlation and multiple regression model, we found that the location and maternal education level were the most conspicuous correlated factor. The milk of mothers from Beijing had higher levels of the n-6 series of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA, LA/ALA, and ARA/DHA) than that of Danyang, while the opposite was observed in the n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA). Compared to the milk of mothers with a high school degree or below, those with a bachelor's degree or above had lower SFAs (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and Total SFA), n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA), C18:1n-9t, and higher n-6 series of LCPUFA (C18:2n-6c, C20:2, C20:4n-6, Total n-6PUFA, and n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA). Maternal age, infant gender, pre-conception body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, and gestational weight gain were also associated with total FAs. However, fewer associations were found between the above factors and sn-2 FAs. This study will promote an understanding of human breast milk's lipid profile and help develop a formula more suitable for infants.